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Generic visual perception processor GVPP

Generic visual perception processor is a single chip modeled on the perception capabilities of human brain, which can detect objects in a motion video signal and then locate and track them in a real time. Imitating the human eye’s neural networks and brain, the chip can handle about 20 billion instructions per second. This electronic eye on a chip can handle a task that ranges from sensing the variable parameters as in the form of video signals and then process it for controlling purpose. This electronic “eye” on a chip can now handle most tasks that a normal human eye can. This includes driving safely, selecting ripe fruits, reading and recognizing things. The Generic visual perception processor has been developed after 10 years of scientific effort. Sadly, though modeled on the visual perception capabilities of the human brain, the chip is not really a medical marvel, poised to cure the blind.

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Field Communication NFC

Near Field Communication or NFC, is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology which enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10 centimeter (around 4 inches) distance. The technology is a simple extension of the ISO 14443 proximity-card standard (contactless card, RFID) that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. An NFC device can communicate with both existing ISO 14443 smartcards and readers, as well as with other NFC devices, and is thereby compatible with existing contactless infrastructure already in use for public transportation and payment. NFC is primarily aimed at usage in mobile phones.
Near-field Communication (NFC) is characterized as a very short-range radio communication technology with a lot of potential, especially when applied to mobile handsets. Imagine yourself using your cell phone to interact with posters, magazines, and even with products while at the store, and with such interaction initiating a request or search for related information in real-time. Other usages of NFC include the electronic wallet to make payments using your handset, the same way you do with your credit card. With NFC all this is possible. But NFC is still a young technology.

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Spin Valve Transistor

In our conventional electronic devices we use semi conducting materials for logical operation and magnetic materials for storage, but spintronics uses magnetic material for both purposes. These spintronics devices are more versatile and faster than in the present one. One such device is spin valve transistor.Spin valve transistor is different from conventional transistor. In this for conduction we use spin polarization of electrons. Only electrons with correct spin polarization can travel successfully through the device. These transistors are used in data storage, signal processing, automation and robotics with less power consumption and results in less heat. This also finds its application in Quantum computing in which we use Qubits instead of bits.Spin is the root cause of magnetism that makes an electron a tiny magnet. Magnetism is already been exploited in recording devices.Where data is recorded and stored as tiny areas of magnetized iron or chromium oxide. To access that information the head detects the minute changes in magnetic fields. This induces corresponding changes in the head’s electrical resistance-a phenomenon called Magneto Resistance.
Spintronics came into light by the advent of Giant Magneto Resistance(GMR).GMR is much stronger than ordinary Magneto Resistance .It results from subtle electron – spin effects in ultra multilayers of magnetic materials that cause a huge change in electrical resistance.Giant Magneto Resistance is the phenomenon where the resistance of certain materials drops dramatically as a magnetic field is applied.It is described as Giant since it is a much larger effect than had ever been previously seen .The effect is most usually seen in magnetic multilayered structures, where two magnetic layers are closely separated by a thin spacer layer a few nm thick. For preparation of transistors we apply vaccum bonding both to obtain device quality semi conductor material for emitter and to allow room temperature processes.

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Wireless Intelligent Network

Today's wireless subscribers are much more sophisticated telecommunications
users than they were five years ago. No longer satisfied with just completing a clear
call, today's subscribers demand innovative ways to use the wireless phone. They want
multiple services that allow them to handle or select incoming calls in a variety of ways.
Enhanced services are very important to wireless customers. Enhanced services
will also entice potentially new subscribers to sign up for service and will drive up
airtime through increased usage of PCS or cellular services. As the wireless market
becomes increasingly competitive, rapid deployment of enhanced services becomes
critical to a successful wireless strategy.

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Carbon nano tubes

Nanotechnology relates to the creation of devices, structures and systems whose size ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). These creations also exhibit novel physical, chemical or biological properties because of their nano scale size. Carbon nanotubes are micron-long and nanometer-thick cylindrical shells of carbon that have been making a pivotal contribution to the advancement of technology at the molecular level. Carbon nanotubes have been found to exhibit incredible strength and elasticity as well as extraordinary thermal and electrical conductivities. To understand the CNT’s structure, it helps to imagine folding a two dimensional graphene sheet. Depending on the dimensions of the sheet and how it is folded, several variations of nanotubes can arise. Also, just like the single or the multilayer nature of graphene sheets, the resulting tubes may be a single or a multiwall type.

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Free Space Laser Communication

Free space laser communication systems are wireless data links through the atmosphere. They work only under clear line-of-sight conditions between each unit, but they eliminate the need of securing right of ways, buried cable installations and no government licensing is necessary. Free space laser communication systems can be quickly deployed since they are small and do not need any radio interference calculations. Additionally, no spectrum fees have to be paid.

A phase coherency controller is used based on gradient decent optimization for free space laser communication. The controller will be able to operate under a wide range of frequencies, ranging from 1MHz to 1 GHz. These requirements necessitate the use of heterojunction bipolar transistors.

This report gives a brief description about the principle of operation, applications and their advantages and disadvantages.

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DNA computing

DNA computing began in 1994 when Leonard Adleman has first shown that computing can be done using DNA also, without using usual machine but using test tubes etc. in a biological laboratory. For this, he has chosen Hamiltonian path problem (HPP) known to us as the Traveling salesman problem (TSP) and obtained solution using DNA experiments. Things would not have gone further if the problem he has chosen is simple but as he has taken HPP, which is an NP-Complete problem for which there is no polynomial time algorithm using conventional computer, it created an exciting and made people to think more about DNA computing. The power of the method proposed by Adleman is in the fact that tremendous parallelism can be introduced using DNA operations and that helped Adleman to solve an NP-Complete problem. Also during the same time Charles Bennett’s has done some work on DNA computing.[2]

Adleman, now considered the father of DNA computing, is a professor at the University of Southern California and spawned the field with his paper, ”Molecular Computation of Solutions of Combinatorial Problems.” Since then, Adleman has demonstrated how the massive parallelism of a trillion DNA strands can simultaneously attack different aspects of a computation to crack even the toughest combinatorial problems, such as the government’s supposedly uncrackable Data Encryption Standard.

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